Shilin Guangji

Shilin Guangji () is an encyclopedia written by Chen Yuanjing (陈元靓) during the Yuan dynasty and Mongol Empire. The book contains text written in Chinese characters, Mongolian script, and the ʼPhags-pa script. Chen Yuanjing was a native of Chong'an (崇安) in Fujian and was born during the later years of the Southern Song before it was annexed by the Yuan dynasty. The encyclopedia contains a wealth of info on the daily life during the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty, including illustrations, maps and cartography. Among historical texts, it was easy to understand and popular even after the Yuan. Chen's book was used by scholars during the Ming and Qing to compile their own encyclopedias.

Based on dates within the text, it has been deduced that Chen wrote the book in the early Yuan during the reign of Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1264, Zhongtong 中统). The original manuscript has been lost, but printed copies made in the Yuan dynasty, Ming dynasty, and Japan still exist with expansions and modifications. Chen's Shilin Guangji served as an example and foundation for later Chinese encyclopedias such as the Sancai Tuhui (Ming dynasty) and Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Qing dynasty).

Translation

The Shilin Guangji is sometimes translated as ''Vast Record from the Forest of Affairs'',Chen, Klasing (2020-12-16). "Memorable arts: The mnemonics of painting and calligraphy in Late Imperial China"
University of Leiden
''Comprehensive Record of Affairs'',''Vast Record of Varied Matters'', ''A Widely Comprehensive Record of a Forest of Affairs'', or simply ''Forest of Affairs''.

Contents

The book contains 42 volumes (卷) and has been described as an everyday encyclopedia or leishu (日用类书). The volumes are divided into 10 parts and arranged according to the Ten Heavenly Stems.

The book describes life during the Southern Song as well as life during the Yuan dynasty. In the encyclopedia of the Yuan dynasty, a map of the Yuan was drawn: "The Great Yuan all in One Map" (大元混一图), including the capital cities of Shangdu and Dadu (Khanbaliq or Beijing). It then introduces:

* the counties and cities of the Yuan,
* the Mongolian script,
* fonts,
* ʼPhags-pa script (an official script of the Mongol Empire),
* the Hundred Family Surnames, including a version written in the Phagspa script (百家姓蒙古文),
* the Yuan dynasty currency and economic system,
* and the ancestral tree of the Yuan emperors.
It then introduces the daily life and street life of Mongol Empire citizens and pioneered the precedent of using illustrations in live encyclopedias. Illustrations include horse riding, archery, greeting customs (拜会), chariots and vehicles, flags, schools, sages, Confucius, Laozi, martial arts, banquets and cuisine, architecture, chess, soccer, magic, singing, music, guqin and zither, etc. Chen Yuanjing's Shilin Guangji became a first-hand visual source for studying Yuan dynasty history and social life during the Mongol Empire.

The encyclopedia has a section on cuisine, where it discusses fermenting agents (曲), spirits and wines (名酒、佳酿), ways to preserve meat and fish (脯、鲊), tea (茶水), and snacks made from wheat and flour (面点).

Within the book the Hundred Family Surnames (百家姓) poem is written in Phagspa script and recorded in a large space, with annotations in the Mongolian script. Kublai Khan's vision was to create a universal system that could write the languages of the various people unified by the Mongol Empire. Phagspa was created to transcribe languages such as Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Turkic, etc. Later after the end of the Yuan dynasty, the Phagspa script fell out of general use but influenced the development of the Korean Hangul script. Chen's book is one of the extant sources of usage of the Phagspa script during the Mongol Empire, providing a source of study for historical linguistics.

Gallery

The following are illustrations from the Shilin Guangji.
File:二龍出海势.png, alt=, Illustration of Chinese chess in the Shilin Guangji
File:Outer city of Bianjing.JPG, alt=, Map of Bianjing
File:事林廣記二十八宿.png, alt=, Twenty-Eight Mansions (事林廣記二十八宿)
File:Cuju in Shilin Guangji.JPG, alt=, Cuju, an ancient Chinese football game
File:事林廣記太极图.png, alt=, Taijitu, illustrating Yin and yang
File:Shilin Guangji Phagspa Hundred Family Surnames.jpg, alt=, Hundred Family Surnames written in Chinese and ʼPhags-pa script

Editions

The first edition of Shilin Guangji initially compiled information to prepare students for civil service examinations. Later throughout the Yuan and subsequent dynasties, various additions were made to the text in reprinted editions. Based on studies of taboo characters preserved in certain Japanese editions of the Shilin Guangji, the first edition was published in the late Song before its fall. It was then expanded and republished many times during the Yuan and in subsequent dynasties and in Japan, giving the Shilin Guangji an extensive history of publication.

Zhonghua edition

In 1963, the Zhonghua Book Company photocopied a printed edition of the Shilin Guangji during the reign of Yuan Wenzong Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (r. 1330–1333, Zhishun 至顺) from the Jian'an Chunzhuang Academy (建安椿庄书院). This version was often quoted in academic circles. The Zhonghua photocopy edition was distributed widely by The Commercial Press and photographed by the Palace Museum before the Second Sino-Japanese War. Moreover, the scholar Hu Daojing (胡道静) added a preface detailing Chen Yuanjing's life and the contents of the edition of the Shilin Guangji.

Other versions

Since the Yuan dynasty, the book has been reprinted many times:

* Peking University library collection: Yuan dynasty Toghon Temür reign (1340, Zhiyuan Gengchen 至元庚辰), Zheng family Jichengtang edition (郑氏积诚堂刊本)
* National Palace Museum: Yuan Wenzong Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (r. 1330–1333, Zhishun 至顺) from the Jian'an Chunzhuang Academy (建安椿庄书院)
* 1990 edition from Shanghai Chinese classics publishing house (上海古籍出版社): photocopied text from Hekeben leishu jicheng (和刻本类书集成), including a Japanese translation of Yesün Temür's (元泰定) addendum made during the 12th year of the Genroku era (1699 元禄)
* In October 1998, it was reprinted and published by the Zhonghua Book Company

References

Further reading

Shilin Guangji
on Wikisource

External links

ctext


Worldcat

{{Authority control

Chinese encyclopedias
Chinese culture
Yuan dynasty literature
Sinology
Chinese literature
13th-century encyclopedias
Mongolian literature
Leishu
Chinese cuisine
Chinese cookbooks